IBM manufactured magnetic disk storage devices from 1956 to 2003, when it merged its hard disk drive business with Hitachi's.[1] Both the hard disk drive (HDD) and floppy disk drive (FDD) were invented by IBM and as such IBM's employees were responsible for many of the innovations in these products and their technologies.[2] The basic mechanical arrangement of hard disk drives has not changed since the IBM 1301. Disk drive performance and characteristics are measured by the same standards now as they were in the 1950s. Few products in history have enjoyed such spectacular declines in cost and size along with corresponding improvements in capacity and performance.
IBM manufactured 8-inch floppy disk drives from 1969 until the middle 1980s but was not a significant manufacturer of smaller sized floppy disk drives.[3] IBM always offered its magnetic disk drives for sale but did not offer them with OEM terms and conditions until 1981.[4] By 1996 IBM had stopped making hard disk drives unique to its systems and was offering all its HDDs on an OEM basis.[5][6]
IBM has used many terms to describe its various magnetic disk drives, such as Direct Access Storage Device, Disk File and Diskette File; however, here the current industry standard terms, hard disk drive and floppy disk drive are used.
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The IBM 350 disk storage unit, the first disk drive, was announced by IBM as a component of the IBM 305 RAMAC computer system on September 13, 1956.[7][8][9][10] Simultaneously a very similar product, the "IBM 355 Random Access Memory" was announced for the IBM 650 computer system. RAMAC stood for "Random Access Method of Accounting and Control."
Its design was motivated by the need for real time accounting in business.[11] The 350 stored 5 million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes).[7] It had fifty 24-inch (610 mm) diameter disks with 100 recording surfaces. Each surface had 100 tracks. The disks spun at 1200 RPM. Data transfer rate was 8,800 characters per second. An access mechanism moved a pair of heads up and down to select a disk pair (one down surface and one up surface) and in and out to select a recording track of a surface pair. Several improved models were added in the 1950s. The IBM RAMAC 305 system with 350 disk storage leased for $3,200 per month. The 350 was officially withdrawn in 1969.
US Patent 3,503,060 from the RAMAC program is generally considered to be the fundamental patent for disk drives[12]. This first ever disk drive was initially cancelled by the IBM Board of Directors because of its threat to the IBM punch card business but the IBM San Jose laboratory continued development until the project was approved by IBM's President[13].
The 350's cabinet was 60 inches (152 cm) long, 68 inches (172 cm) high and 29 inches (74 cm) deep. IBM had a strict rule that all its products must pass through a standard 29.5 inch (75 cm) doorway. Since the 350's platters were mounted horizontally, this rule presumably dictated the maximum diameter of the disks.
The RAMAC unit weighed over a ton, had to be moved around with forklifts, and was delivered via large cargo airplanes.[14] According to Currie Munce, research vice president for Hitachi Global Storage Technologies (which acquired IBM's storage business), the storage capacity of the drive could have been increased beyond five megabytes, but IBM's marketing department at that time was against a larger capacity drive, because they didn't know how to sell a product with more storage.
In 2002, the Magnetic Disk Heritage Center began restoration of an IBM 350 RAMAC in collaboration with Santa Clara University.[15] In 2005, the RAMAC restoration project relocated to the Computer History Museum where efforts to restore the drive for public display continue.[16]
The IBM 353 used on the IBM 7030, was similar to the IBM 1301, but with a faster transfer rate. It had a capacity of 2,097,152 (221) 64-bit words (two 32 data bit half words each with 7 ECC bits) and transferred 125,000 words per second.[17] Unlike the flying heads of the 1301, the 353 used the older head design of the IBM 350 RAMAC.
The IBM 355 was announced on September 14, 1956 as an addition to the popular IBM 650.[18] It used the same mechanism as the IBM 350 and stored 6 million 7-bit decimal digits.[18] Data was transferred to and from the IBM 653 magnetic core memory, an IBM 650 option that stored just sixty 10-digit words, enough for a single sector of disk or tape data.
The IBM 1405 Disk Storage Unit was announced by 1961 and was designed for use with the IBM 1401 series, medium scale business computers.[19] The 1405 stored 10 million characters on a single module.[19] Each module had 25 large disks, yielding 50 recording surfaces. The disks spun at 1200 rpm. The Model 1 had one module, the Model 2 had two modules, stacked vertically. Each recording surface had 200 tracks and 5 sectors per track. Data was read or recorded at 22,500 characters per second. A single arm moved in and out and up and down. Access time ranged from 100 to 800 milliseconds (Model 2).
The IBM 1301 Disk Storage Unit was announced on June 2, 1961.[20] It was designed for use with the IBM 7000 series mainframe computers and the IBM 1410. The 1301 stored 28 million characters on a single module (25 million with the 1410). Each module had 20 large disks and 40 recording surfaces, with 250 tracks per surface. The 1301 Model 1 had one module, the Model 2 had two modules, stacked vertically. The disks spun at 1800 rpm. Data was transferred at 90,000 characters per second.
A major advance over the IBM 350 and IBM 1405 was the use of a separate arm and head for each recording surface, with all the arms moving in and out together like a big comb. This eliminated the time needed for the arm to pull the head out of one disk and move up or down to a new disk. Seeking the desired track was also faster since, with the new design, the head would usually be somewhere in the middle of the disk, not starting on the outer edge. Maximum access time was reduced to 180 milliseconds.
The 1301 was the first disk drive to use heads that were aerodynamically designed to fly over the surface of the disk on a thin layer of air.[2] This allowed them to be much closer to the recording surface, which greatly improved performance.
The 1301 was connected to the computer via the IBM 7631 File Control. Different models of the 7631 allowed the 1301 to be used with a 1410 or 7000 series computer or shared between a 7000 and a 1410 or between two 7000's.
The IBM 1301 Model 1 leased for $2,100 per month or could be purchased for $115,500. Prices for the Model 2 were $3,500 per month or $185,000 to purchase. The IBM 7631 controller cost an additional $1,185 per month or $56,000 to purchase. All models were withdrawn in 1970.[20]
The IBM 1302 Disk Storage Unit was introduced in September 1963.[21] Improved recording quadrupled its capacity over that of the 1301, to 117 million 6-bit characters per module. Average access time was 165 ms and data could be transferred at 180 K characters/second, more than double the speed of the 1301. A second arm accessed a separate group of 250 tracks. As with the 1301, there was a Model 2 with twice the capacity. The IBM 1302 Model 1 leased for $5,600 per month or could be purchased for $252,000. Prices for the Model 2 were $7,900 per month or $355,500 to purchase. The IBM 7631 controller cost an additional $1,185 per month or $56,000 to purchase. The 1302 was withdrawn in February 1965.
The IBM 1311 Disk Storage Drive was announced on October 11, 1962 and was designed for use with several medium-scale business and scientific computers.[22] The 1311 was about the size and shape of a top-loading washing machine and stored 2 million characters on a removable IBM 1316 disk pack.[23] Seven models of the 1311 were introduced during the 1960s. They were withdrawn during the early 1970s.
Models of the 1311 disk drive:
The optional special features were:
Drive 1 (the master drive: models 1, 3, 4, and 5) was about a foot wider than the other drives (the slave drives: model 2), to contain extra power supplies and the control logic.
Each IBM 1316 Disk Pack was 4 inches (100 mm) high, weighed 10 pounds (4.5 kg) and contained six 14-inch (360 mm) diameter disks, yielding 10 recording surfaces (the outer surfaces were not used). The 10 individual read/write heads were mounted on a common actuator within the disk drive which was moved in and out hydraulically and mechanically detented at the desired track before reading or writing occurred. The disks spun at 1500 rpm. Each recording surface had 100 tracks with 20 sectors per track. Each sector stored 100 characters. The disk pack was covered with a clear plastic shell and a bottom cover when not in use. A lifting handle in the top center of the cover was rotated to release the bottom cover. Then the top of the 1311 drive was opened and the plastic shell lowered into the disk-drive opening (assuming it was empty). The handle was turned again to lock the disks in place and release the plastic shell, which was then removed and the drive cover closed. The process was reversed to remove a disk pack.
The IBM 2302 was the S/360 version of the 1302, with track formatting in accordance with S/360 DASD architecture rather than 7000 series architecture.
The IBM 2305 Direct Access Storage Facility was a fixed-head disk drive originally announced in 1970 to connect to the 360/85 and 360/195 using the IBM 2880 Block Multiplexor Channel.[24] The 2305-1 ran at 3.0 MB/second when attached using the 2-byte channel interface, and the larger 2305-2 ran at 1.5 MB/second.[24]
The 2305 provided large-scale IBM computers with fast, continuous access to medium-sized quantities of information. Its capacity and high data rate made it ideal for systems residence functions, work files, indices and data sets that were used repeatedly.[24] Its fast response time made it attractive as a paging device in a heavily loaded systems (where there are 1.5 or more transactions per second).[25]
The IBM 2311 Direct Access Storage Facility was introduced in 1964 for use throughout the System/360 series. It was also available on the IBM 1130 and (using the 2841 Control Unit) the IBM 1800. The 2311 mechanism was largely identical to the 1311, but recording improvements allowed higher data density. The 2311 stored 7.25 megabytes on a single removable IBM 1316 disk pack (the same type used on the IBM 1311) consisting of six platters that rotated as a single unit. Each recording surface had 200 tracks plus 3 optional tracks which could be used as alternatives in case faulty tracks were discovered. Average seek time was 85 ms. Data transfer rate was 156 kB/s.
The 2311 had 10 individual R/W heads mounted on a common actuator which was moved in and out hydraulically and mechanically detented at the desired track before reading or writing occurred. The 2311 was organized into cylinders, tracks, and records. (A cylinder referred to all surfaces the same track on each of the 5 platters.) Record 0 was reserved for timing.
Because the 2311 was to be used with a wide variety of computers within the 360 product line, its electrical interconnection was standardized. This created an opportunity for other manufacturers to sell plug compatible disk drives for use with IBM computers and an entire industry was born.
The IBM 2314 Disk Access Storage Facility was introduced on April 22, 1965, one year after the System/360 introduction.[26] It was used with the System/360 and the System/370 lines. With Two Channel Switch feature it could interface with two 360/370 channels. The 2314 Disk access mechanism was similar to the 2311, but further recording improvements allowed higher data density. The 2314 stored 29,176,000 characters (200×20×7294 bytes per track) on a single removable IBM 2316 disk pack which was similar in design to the 1316 but was taller as a result of increasing the number of disks from six to eleven. The 2316 disk pack containing the eleven 14-inch (360 mm) diameter disks yielded 20 recording surfaces. The drive access consisted of 20 individual R/W heads mounted on a common actuator which was moved in and out hydraulically and mechanically detented at the desired track before reading or writing occurred. Each recording surface had 200 tracks. Access time was initially the same as the 2311, but later models were faster as a result of improvements made in the hydraulic actuator. Data transfer rate was doubled to 310 kB/s.
The original Model 1 consisted of the 2314 control unit, a 2312 single drive module, and two 2313 four drive modules for a total of 9 disk drives. Only eight drives of the nine were available to the user at any one time. The ninth drive was there for a spare for the user and could also be worked on 'offline' by a Field Engineer while the other drives were in use by the customer. Each of the nine drives were mounted in individual drawers that were unlatched and pulled out to access the Disk Pack. Because of their appearance they picked up the nickname of 'Pizza Ovens'
Other 2314 models came later:
The IBM 3330 Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named Merlin, was introduced in June 1970 for use with the IBM System/370 and the IBM System 360/195.[27] Its removable disk packs held 100 MB (404x19x13,030 bytes) (the 1973 Model 11 featured IBM 3336-11 Disk Packs that held 200 MB (808x19x13,030 bytes)). Access time was 30 ms and data transferred at 806 kB/s. A major advance introduced with the 3330 was the use of error correction, which made the drives more reliable and reduced costs because small imperfections in the disk surface could be tolerated. The circuitry could correct error bursts up to 11 bits long. The 3330 was withdrawn in 1983.
The IBM 3340 Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named Winchester, was introduced in March 1973 for use with IBM System/370.[28] Its removable disk packs were sealed and included the head and arm assembly. There was no cover to remove during the insertion process. Access time was 25 millisecond and data transferred at 885 kB/s. Three versions of the removable IBM 3348 Data Module were sold, one with 35 megabyte capacity, another with 70 megabytes, the third also had 70 megabytes, but with 500 kilobytes under separate fixed heads for faster access. The 3340 also used error correction. It was withdrawn in 1984.
The 3340 was developed in San Jose under the leadership of Ken Haughton. Early on the design was focused on two removable 30 megabyte modules. Because of this 30/30 configuration, the code name Winchester was selected after the famous Winchester 30-30 rifle;[29] subsequently the capacities were increased, but the code name stuck.
The significance of this product, and the reason that disk drives in general became known as "Winchester technology" had nothing to do with the configuration of the product. This was IBM's first drive to not unload the heads from the media. The Winchester technology allowed the head to land and take off from the disk media as the disk spun up and down. This resulted in very significant savings and a large reduction of complexity of the head and arm actuating mechanism. This rapidly became a standard design within the disk manufacturing community.
The name stuck in the USSR, Hungary and possibly other countries as an umbrella term for all hard drives; it is still in wide use today.
The IBM 3350 Direct Access Storage Facility, code-named Madrid, was introduced in 1975 for use with IBM System/370.[30] Its non-removable disk packs were sealed and included the head and arm assembly. The 3350 disk geometry was 555 cylinders, 30 heads, and 19069 bytes per track which gave the Head Disk Assembly (HDA) a storage capacity of 317,498,850 bytes. Disk units were identified as A2, A2F, B2, B2F, C2, and C2F. Each unit contained two HDAs and they were installed in "strings" of units. An A2 or A2F unit was required and attached to a "control unit" such as the IBM 3880. After the A2 could be up to 3 B2 units or 2 B2s and a C2. The C2 unit could also be connected to a control unit and with it in place then two I/O operations could be executed on the string at the same time. The "x2F" unit was a normal x2 unit, but its two HDAs also had a "Fixed Head" area over the first 5 cylinders. This Fixed Head area was intended to be allocated to the HASP or JES2 checkpoint area and thus would greatly reduce head motion on the device.
IBM introduced the IBM 3370 Direct Access Storage Device in January 1979 for its for IBM 4331, 4341, and System/38 midrange computers.[31] It had 7 fixed 14-inch (360 mm) disks, and each unit had a capacity of 571 MB. It was the first HDD usage of thin film head technology; research on that technology started at Thomas J. Watson Research Center in the late 1960s.[31] The 3370 was a fixed block architecture. The sister unit was called the 3375 and used the count-key-data architecture.
The IBM 3380 Direct Access Storage Device was introduced in June 1980.[32] It used new film head technology and had a capacity of 2.52 gigabytes with a data transfer rate of 3 megabytes per second. Average access time was 16 ms. Purchase price at time of introduction ranged from $81,000 to $142,200. Due to tribology problems encountered between heads and media, the first units did not ship until October, 1981.[33]
The IBM 3390 Direct Access Storage Device series was introduced November 1989, offering a maximum storage of up to 22 gigabytes in a string of multiple drives.[34] Cost of a storage system varied by configuration and capacity, between $90,000 and $795,000. A Model 3 enhancement to the drive family, announced September 11, 1991, increased capacity by approximately 1.5 and a Model 9 family, announced May 20, 1993, further increased capacity by an additional factor of 3 to minimum capacity of 34 gigabytes in a single drive box.[35]
The 3390 Model 9 was the last Single Large Expensive Disk (sometimes called SLEDs) drive announced by IBM.
The 9345 HDD first shipped in Nov 1990 as an RPQ on IBMs SCSE (SuperComputing Systems Extensions). Developed at IBM's San Jose, California laboratory under the code name Sawmill it was an up to 1.5 GB full height 5¼-inch HDD using up to 8 130 mm disks. It was the first HDD to use MR(Magneto Resistive) heads.[36] In October 1991 the 9345 DASD was announced as part of the IBM 9340 direct channel attached, count key data (CKD) DASD subsystem family which attached to IBM mainframes including the ES/9000 processor family.[37] The 9345 DASD Model 1 had two 1.0 GB HDDs while the Model 2 had two 1.5 GB HDDs.
The IBM 2310 Removable Cartridge Drive was announced in 1964 with the IBM 1800,[43] and then in 1965 with the IBM 1130; it likely first shipped with the 1130 in late 1965.[44] It could store 512,000 words (1,024,000 bytes) on an IBM 2315 cartridge. A single 14-inch (360 mm) oxide-coated aluminum disk spun in a plastic shell with openings for the read/write arm and two heads.
The 5444 was announced September 1969 as part of System/3. Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory under code name Dolphin[40] it used the 5440 disk cartridge. The cartridge in turn contained one 14-inch disk. There were three models:[45]
The 62GV first shipped in May 1974. Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory under the code name Gulliver with an initial capacity of 5MB. Subsequent models had 10 and 14 MB capacities. It used a rotary actuator with one 14-inch disk. During its production life it shipped 177,000 units making it the first HDD known to have shipped in excess of 100,000 units.[40]
This section lists IBM manufactured HDDs offered both as an OEM product and for attachment to IBMs small systems such as the System/3, System/32, /34 & /36 and the AS/400. HDDs are identified by their OEM model number and listed chronologically by date of first customer shipment.
The 0680 first shipped in 1979 on most IBM small systems[46] and the low end of the System/370 as the 3310 direct access storage.[47] The OEM version was announced as the 0680 in September 1981.[4] Developed at IBM's Hursley, England, laboratory under the code name Piccolo with an initial capacity of up to 65MB, it used six 8-inch disks (210 mm).[40]
A double capacity version, the 62SW, shipped in June 1984 but very few units were sold because its price per megabyte was the same as the 62GV.[40]
The 0676 first shipped in November 1982 as a 5247 Disk Storage Unit for the IBM System/23 Datamaster.[48] Developed at the IBM Rochester, MN, laboratory as the 21ED it was an 8-inch HDD with an initial capacity of 15 or 30 MB in 2 or 4 210 mm disks. In 1983 it shipped as the HDD in the 5360 System Unit of the S/36. In 1984 its capacity was doubled by doubling the number of tracks per surface and it was incorporated into the 5362 System Unit of the System/36.[49]
The 0667 first shipped in August 1986.[48] Developed the IBM Rochester, MN, laboratory under the code name "Grant", it was a 70 MB ESDI full height 5¼-inch HDD with up to 4 130 mm disks.[50][51] It was offered as a feature on certain models of the PC RT (6150, 6151, 6152) and in System/36 Model System Units (5363, 5364).[52]
The 0669 first shipped in 1987.[48] Developed at IBM Rochester, MN, it was a full-height 5½-inch HDD with a capacity of up to 115MB on up to 4 130 mm disks.[53] It was the HDD internal to the System/36 5363 System Unit and Series 1 4956 System Unit.[53]
The 0671 first shipped in 1987.[48] Developed under the code name "Lee" at IBM Rochester, MN, it was an up to 316 MB ESDI full height 5¼-inch HDD with up to 8 130 mm disks depending upon model.[53] In 1988 it shipped as part of the 9404 System Unit of the IBM AS/400 system which contained two, or optionally three of these HDDs.[54]
The 0681 first shipped in April 1990. Developed at IBM's Hursley, UK, laboratory under the code name Redwing.[55] It was an up to 857 MB full height 5¼-inch HDD using up to 12 130 mm disks. It was the first HDD to use PRML decoding of data.[2] It was the drive component of the 9333 Disk Drive Subsystem which first shipped in early 1992.
A higher density, 1.07 GB, version was incorporated into the 9333 subsystem in May 1992.[56]
The 0663 first shipped in late 1991. Developed under the code name "Corsair", it was a full-height (1-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 1 GB on up to 8 95 mm disks.[57] It was offered as a feature on certain models of the PS/2 and RS/6000.[57] It was the first OEM disk drive to use MR Heads.[2]
The 0664 first shipped in November 1992. Developed under the code name "Allicat" at IBM Rochester, MN, it was a tall (3.25-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 2.013 GB capacity on up to 8 95 mm disks.[58]
The 0662 first shipped in June 1993. Developed under the code name "Spitfire" at IBM Rochester, MN, it was a full-height (1-inch high) 3½-inch HDD with up to 4 GB on up to 8 95 mm disks.[58][59] It was the HDD internal to the 9336 Disk Unit and the 9337 Disk Array.[58]
Another important IBM innovation is the floppy disk drive. IBM first introduced the 8-inch FDD in 1971 as a read only program load device. In 1973 IBM shipped its first read/write floppy disk drive as a part of the 3740 Data Entry System. IBM established early standards in 8" FDDs but never sold such products separately so that the industry then developed separate from IBM.
On October 17, 1994, IBM's Storage Systems division announced three new families of hard disk drives, the Travelstar 2½-inch family for notebooks, the Deskstar 3½-inch family for desktop applications and the Ultrastar 3½-inch family for high performance computer system applications.[6]
The following table compares IBM's first HDD, the RAMAC 350, with the last three models it manufactured in each of its "Star" series of OEM HDDs. It illustrates HDD's spectacular decline in cost and size along with corresponding improvement in capacity and performance.
| Parameter (units) | RAMAC 350[7] | Ultrastar 146Z10[60][61] | Deskstar 180GXP[62][63] | Travelstar 80GN[64][65] | 46-year improvement (maximum) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Announced | Sep 1956 | Jul 2002 | Oct 2002 | Nov 2002 | |
| Capacity (gigabytes) | 0.004 | 146 | 180 | 80 | 48,000 |
| Dimensions (inches) | 60×68×29 | 4×1×5.75 | 4×1×5.75 | 2.75×0.38×3.95 | |
| Dimensions (mm) | 1500×1700×700 | 102×25×146 | 102×25×146 | 70×9.5×100 | |
| Volume (in³) | 118,320 | 23 | 23 | 4 | 29,161 |
| Volume (litres) | 1,939 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.1 | |
| Weight (lbs) | 2,140 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 1,244 |
| Weight (kg) | 971 | 0.8 | 0.64 | 0.095 | |
| Power (watts) | 8100 BTUs/hour (i.e., 2374 watts),[66] up to 5500 kVA depending upon model[67] | 16 | 10.3 | 1.85 | 1,283 |
| Power density (megabytes/watt) | 0.0016 | 9,125 | 17,476 | 43,243 | 27,375,856 |
| List price (US$) | 57,000 | 1200 | 360 | 420 | |
| Price/megabyte (US$) | 15,200 | 0.0082 | 0.0020 | 0.0053 | 7,600,000 |
| Density (megabits/in²) | 0.002 | 26,263 | 46,300 | 70,000 | 35,000,000 |
| Density (kilobits/mm²) | 0.003 | 40,708 | 71,765 | 108,500 | |
| Volume density (gigabytes/in³) | 0.00000003 | 6 | 8 | 20 | 622,100,131 |
| Volume density (megabytes/mm³) | 0.000002 | 388 | 478 | 1,203 | |
| Latency (msec) | 3 | 4 | 7 | 8 | |
| Average seek time (msec) | 600 | 5.9 | 10.2 | 12 | 102 |
| Data rate (megabytes/sec) | 0.001 | 103 | 29.4 | 43.75 | 11,719 |